True product quality shows in the details. Quality is more than flawless performance in typical conditions, but the ability to work well in edge cases – unusual, unpredictable, or extreme scenarios that go beyond normal use.

Solving for edge cases invites more people to the experience. Think about the in-store experience at IKEA: yes, 80-90% of people are there to browse furniture, but what if busy parents need a safe place to leave their kids while they shop? What if that family needs to eat?

By accounting for these needs, IKEA extends its in-store experience to a broader group and, in doing so, invites more people to spend more time in their stores – even if they don’t end up buying a thing.

“The same goes for Apple Store,” says Maryna Chernenka, Lead Product Designer at Transcenda. “They offer free sessions on photography, music, art, coding… It turns the store into a community hub, instead of just a sales room.”

And it contributes to the resilience of the Apple brand and its products. As Maryna emphasizes, products without this kind of resilience will struggle to survive the shifting sands ahead. 

What a walk in the woods teaches us about edge cases

You book a cabin for a weekend trip to the forest. You pack all of the essentials: books for reading, a projector for evening movie time. You pack forest-ready clothing, lounge chairs, and a barbecue grill. And you map out your hiking routes on Google Maps.

And then it starts raining. 

“This happened to me on a recent trip,” says Maryna. “I was pleased to discover that my host had prepared rubber boots in two different sizes to keep guests comfortable and dry in case of rain. A perfect example of how anticipating edge cases can elevate the user experience, making it convenient and enjoyable even when circumstances go beyond the usual expectations.”

What are edge cases in digital products?

Edge cases are scenarios that go beyond normal product use. For example:

• Extremely large or small input values: A user uploads a 10GB file to a form with a maximum upload limit of 5GB
• Slow or unstable internet connection: App times out while syncing data during an intermittent WiFi dropout
• Unusual user behavior: User rapidly clicks the “Submit” button 15 times in ten seconds or navigates backward through a multi-step form.
• Server or API errors: Third-party payment processor returns a 500 error during checkout, or database connection fails mid-transaction
• Excessive load on infrastructure: Thousands of users simultaneously access the Black Friday sale page, causing response times to balloon.

Although such cases seem rare, their impact can be critical. If the product does not account for them, the user risks being disappointed, and the business risks losing trust. This can be fatal for the customer relationship: most customers won’t return to a brand once they’ve lost trust.

Why designing for edge cases matters

Edge cases are not just rare events – they’re silent tests of product quality. Most users won’t notice when things go smoothly, but they will remember when the product fails them in a moment of need. 

“Resilience is what separates tools that people tolerate from tools that people trust,” says Maryna.

Here’s what happens when product designers ignore or neglect edge cases:

1. Users lose trust quickly

One bad experience can undo weeks or months of good ones. Trust is fragile.

• Example: A user gets charged twice because they accidentally clicked “Pay” more than once.
• Result: They now feel unsafe using your product and may not return.

2. Support teams get overloaded

Small bugs in design become big costs in operations.

• Example: Your form doesn’t save progress during bad connections, and users keep contacting support for help.
• Result: Support costs rise, users wait longer for answers, or abandon the form completely.

3. Bad reviews and public backlash

People talk more about what went wrong than what went right.

• Example: The mobile version is broken on older phones, and users can't complete basic actions.
• Result: Negative App Store reviews, social media complaints, and reputation damage.

4. Higher churn, lower retention

First impressions often happen in the worst conditions – and they stick.

• Example: A buggy experience during a critical moment (like registration or checkout) frustrates the user.
• Result: They leave and never return, even if everything else works fine.

5. Team blind spots grow over time

Ignoring edge cases gives a false sense of quality and slows long-term growth.

• Example: The team always tests under perfect conditions and never hears about edge failures.
• Result: The product looks "finished" internally, but real-world usage keeps breaking.

6. Legal and financial risks increase

Resilience protects not only users – it protects your business.

• Example: Users are double-charged, or data is lost during submission.
• Result: Regulatory trouble, fines, or forced refunds.

Edge cases as an indicator of quality

“Edge cases are a litmus test for design quality,” says Maryna. “If a product only works under ideal conditions, it’s a sign of fragility, not strength.” A reliable product doesn’t “break” when users make mistakes. It provides clear and constructive error messages while allowing recovery after failures. Critically, the product protects the system from unexpected or malicious input.

Maryna describes three common scenarios that illustrate the difference between quality edge-case design and fragile design:

1. The double-tap on "pay"

Any company trying to get a slice of the $6 trillion in global retail e-commerce sales needs a comprehensive design for the payment experience. By comprehensive, we mean an experience that keeps friction down, even when users do the unexpected, like click “Pay” twice.

What could happen… 

The user taps the “Pay” button twice by accident, maybe because the page is slow or they’re unsure if the first click worked. Then they scramble to contact support to make sure they haven’t made two purchases instead of one.

What should happen…

A good system should stop the second payment and show a message like “Payment is being processed” or “You’ve already paid.” This avoids charging the user twice and helps build trust. It also makes the experience feel smoother and more professional.

2. Bad internet connection

It’s easy to assume that everyone has a persistent broadband internet connection. But outages are still a frequent occurrence, even for major carriers. What happens when users lose internet mid-flow, however, is up to you.

What could happen… 

The user spends time filling out a form or typing a message, but then loses internet connection before submitting. They have to start over once their connection is restored, which can be extremely frustrating. Many may choose to abandon the experience altogether.

What should happen… 

The product should save the user’s progress automatically or let them know clearly that something went wrong. A helpful message like “No connection – we’ll retry when you're back online” makes the user feel supported. They should be able to retry without losing what they already put in.

3. Old or small device

People tend to hold on to trusty old versions of their favorite devices. That preference shouldn’t preclude them from enjoying the same seamless experience.

What could happen… 

The user opens the site or app on an older phone, tablet, or a small screen. The layout might break, buttons could be hard to tap, or text could be too small to read.

What should happen… 

A well-designed product should adjust to different screen sizes and devices. Everything should still work, look clean, and be easy to use. This helps make sure all users – no matter what device they have – get a good experience.

Real-world edge cases in digital products

You don’t really notice edge cases when they're handled correctly; it’s when something goes wrong that the user experience takes a turn. “What I love about these real-world edge cases,” says Maryna, “is that they keep users on track with minimal friction. In most cases, the user doesn’t even notice that they’ve successfully navigated an edge case.”

• Google Maps – Dealing with unexpected road closures
  Problem: Sometimes roads are closed (for repairs, floods, or events), but Google Maps doesn’t know yet.
  Fix: Google Maps now uses live updates from users and local authorities to quickly change routes and show alerts. They also added a special detour feature for tricky situations.
• Airbnb – Last-minute booking problems
  Problem: Hosts cancel just before check-in, or there are errors confirming the booking.
  Fix: Airbnb offers refunds or help finding another place fast. They also made a system that warns users if a booking might be risky.
• Netflix – Trouble watching on old TVs
  Problem: People using older TVs or devices have trouble watching smoothly or get bad video quality.
  Fix: Netflix made the video adjust to the device’s ability, supports more formats, and created lighter versions of the app for older devices.
• Slack – Poor internet connections
  Problem: Users with slow or unstable internet can’t send or receive messages well.
  Fix: Slack saves messages until the internet works again, automatically reconnects, and lets you write messages offline to send later.

By anticipating edge cases and designing for life’s unpredictability, these companies show that true innovation isn’t just about features – it’s about empathy. They earn trust not only by solving problems, but by caring enough to imagine them before they arise.

How we design for resilience 

“Resilience is not just a product’s ability not to break. It is a demonstration of respect for the user in the most challenging situations,” says Maryna. “Edge cases reveal weaknesses but also open the path for improvement. Products that withstand unusual circumstances are products that earn trust.”

Maryna’s part of the team that helps Transcenda design resilient products. That process includes four essential steps:

1. Test boundaries
   Design test cases specifically for edge situations – the ones that don't follow the happy path. Together with QA and the Product team, dive into non-obvious scenarios to uncover what might break. “I've learned that QA engineers often spot the smallest gaps and ask the smartest ‘what ifs.’”
2. Think recovery scenarios
   During working sessions, always ask: What if something goes wrong? Can the user recover? Is the system's behavior clear? This mindset helps designers to build more resilient experiences. “QA plays a key role here – their attention to detail is invaluable in planning for the unexpected.”
3. Create adaptive interfaces
   Build UIs to flex across screen sizes, devices, and languages. Constantly check responsiveness and think through how a feature will behave on mobile or tablet. “One principle to always keep in mind: never assume your user lives in a ‘standard’ environment.”
4. Be honest in communication
   “For example, during the projects, we create design guidelines for system outages, helping teams write clear and helpful error messages. Instead of showing technical codes like ‘500 Internal Server Error,’ we explain what happened and what the user can do next – in plain language that builds trust.”

“As a designer and on behalf of Transcenda, I always strive to keep these edge cases in mind throughout the design process,” says Maryna. “By proactively addressing these scenarios, our team creates products that are truly reliable, user-friendly, and capable of delivering a seamless experience no matter the situation.”

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